RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION INCIDENCE AMONG WOMEN IN INDONESIA
Abstract
Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest cases of hypertension, namely 34.1% of the population in Southeast Asia, This study further elaborates the hypertension prevalence in Indonesian women older than 15 years with their modifiable risk factors. This study uses data from the Indonesia Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018 with a cross-sectional study design and total sampling method. The data were analysis further by chi-square test and multiple logistic regression (a = 0,05) in relation to their modifiable risk factors. The risk factors covered were age, contraception use, level of education, smoking behaviour, alcohol consumption, unhealthy food consumption, underweight BMI, fat-based BMI and stress. The data processing resulted in that age provides (p = <0.001; POR=1.883), contraception type (p = <0.001; POR=1.007), education (p = <0.001; POR=1.478), smoke (p = < 0.001; POR=0.867), alcohol consumption behaviour (p = <0.001; POR=0.879), risky food consumption behaviour (p = <0.001; POR=1.120), BMI underweight category (p = <0.001; POR=0.536), BMI category fat (p = <0.001; POR = 2.245), and stress (p = <0.001; POR = 0.942) had a significant relationship with the incidence of hypertension in Indonesian women older than 15 years. It was found that the fat-based BMI factor was the significant prevalence of hypertension occurring in Indonesian women older than 15 years.
References
Hür E, Özişik M, Ural C, Yildiz G, Maʇden K, Köse SB, et al. Hypervolemia for hypertension pathophysiology: A population-based study. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014.
Hartono Bambang. Hipertensi: The Sillent Killer. In: Artikel Hari Hipertensi Sedunia. Jakarta; 2011.
WHO. Hypertension: The Prevalence of Hypertension. Geneva: WHO. 2017.
Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, Butler J, Dracup K, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Forecasting the Future of Cardiovascular Disease in the United States. 2011;933–44.
AHA. American Heart Association Guidlines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 10. 2011;
WHO. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia: Hypertension Fact sheet. 2011;
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. National Report on Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2018. 2018.
Fu G, Yuan W, Du W, Yang Z, Fu N, Zheng H, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Recurrent Strokes in Young and Elderly Patients: A Hospitals-based Study. Int J Gerontol. 2015;9(1638):63–6.
Wu J, Li T, Song X, Sun W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, et al. Prevalence and distribution of hypertension and related risk factors in Jilin Province, China 2015: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):1–10.
Rani R, Mengi V, Kumar Gupta R, Sharma HK. Hypertension and Its Risk Factors-A Cross Sectional Study in an Urban Population of a North Indian District. Public Heal Res [Internet]. 2015;5(3):67–72. Available from: http://journal.sapub.org/phr
Tesfa E, Demeke D. Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heal Sci Reports. 2021;4(3):1–17.
MD EGMFHM. Drug-induced Hypertension: An Unappreciated Cause of Secondary Hypertension. Am J Med. 2012;125(1):14–22.
Kalenga CZ, Dumanski SM, Metcalfe A, Robert M, Nerenberg KA, MacRae JM, et al. The effect of non-oral hormonal contraceptives on hypertension and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Rep. 2022;10(9):1–15.
Yagoub U, Saiyed NS, Qahtani B Al, Al Zahrani AM, Birema Y, Hariri I Al. Investigating the incidence and risk factors of hypertension: A multicentre retrospective cohort study in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. PLoS One [Internet]. 2022;17(1 January):1–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262259
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. National Report on Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS). 2013.
Ghazi L, Bello NA. Hypertension in Women Across the Lifespan. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021;23(8).
Leung AA, Bushnik T, Hennessy D, McAlister FA, Manuel DG. Risk factors for hypertension in Canada. Heal Reports. 2019;30(2):1–13.
Sun K, Lin D, Li M, Mu Y, Zhao J, Liu C, et al. Association of education levels with the risk of hypertension and hypertension control: a nationwide cohort study in Chinese adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2022;76(5):451–7.
Lima R, Wofford M, Reckelhoff JF. Hypertension in postmenopausal women. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14(3):254–60.
Li W, Fang W, Huang Z, Wang X, Cai Z, Chen G, et al. Association between age at onset of overweight and risk of hypertension across adulthood. Heart. 2022;108(9):683–8.
Princewel F, Cumber SN, Kimbi JA, Nkfusai CN, Keka EI, Viyoff VZ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension among adults in a rural setting: the case of Ombe, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;34(147):539–47.
Shufelt C, Levee A. Hormonal Contraception in Women with Hypertension. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;324(14):1451–2.
Gupta R. Convergence in urban-rural prevalence of hypertension in India. J Hum Hypertens [Internet]. 2016;30(2):79–82. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2015.48
Hendriks ME, Wit FWNM, Roos MTL, Brewster LM, Akande TM. Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-SectionalSurveys in Four Rural and Urban CommunitiesMarleen. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32638.
Ghosh S, Kumar M. Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among persons aged 15-49 in India: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12):1–9.
Tseng C Den, Yen AMF, Chiu SYH, Chen LS, Chen HH, Chang SH. A predictive model for risk of prehypertension and hypertension and expected benefit after population-based life-style modification (KCIS No. 24). Am J Hypertens [Internet]. 2012;25(2):171–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2011.122/nature06264
Khanam MA, Lindeboom W, Razzaque A, Niessen L, Milton AH. Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: Findings from a community-based study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1–9.
Rahman MA, Parvez M, Halder HR, Yadav UN, Mistry SK. Prevalence of and factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension among Bangladeshi young adults: An analysis of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2021;12(November):100912. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100912
Fottrell E, Ahmed N, Shaha SK, Jennings H, Kuddus A, Morrison J, et al. Distribution of diabetes, hypertension and non-communicable disease risk factors among adults in rural Bangladesh: A cross-sectional survey. BMJ Glob Heal. 2018;3(6):1–14.
Rajkumar E, Romate J. Behavioural Risk Factors, Hypertension Knowledge, and Hypertension in Rural India. Int J Hypertens. 2020;2020.
Chowdhury MAB, Katrina Epnere Mkuu, Haque, Aminul M, S. R. Urban rural differences in prevalence and risk factors of self-reported hypertension among Kenyan women: a population-based study. J Hum Hypertens. 2021;(35):912–20.
Babatsikou, Assimina. Epidemiology of Hypertension in The Elderly. J Heal Sci. 2010;4(13):24–6.
Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Batty GD, Kivimäki M, Kengne AP. Risk Models to Predict Hypertension: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 2013;8(7).
Miranda AM, Goulart AC, Benseñor IM, Lotufo PA, Marchioni DM. Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: A prospective analysis in the cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(2):542–9.
Blaustein, Andrew, Searle. Ultraviolet Radiation. In: Levin SA Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. 7th ed. MA: Academic Press; 2013. p. 296–303.
Nahimana MR, Nyandwi A, Muhimpundu MA, Olu O, Condo JU, Rusanganwa A, et al. A population-based national estimate of the prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension in Rwanda: Implications for prevention and control. BMC Public Health. 2017;18(1):1–11.
He FJ, Marrero NM, Macgregor GA. Salt Intake , Hypertension , and Obesity in Children Salt Intake Is Related to Soft Drink Consumption in Children and Adolescents A Link to Obesity ? 2008;
Rahajeng, Tuminah. Hypertension Prevalence and Its Determinants in Indonesia. J Kedokt Indones. 2009;59(12).
Mamdouh H, Alnakhi WK, Hussain HY, Ibrahim GM, Hussein A, Mahmoud I, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension and pre-hypertension among the adult population: findings from the Dubai Household Survey, 2019. BMC Cardiovasc Disord [Internet]. 2022;22(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02457-4
Yunus Erdem et all. The relationship between hypertension and saltintake in Turkish population: SALTURK study. J Major |. 2010;4:109.
Hu B, Liu X, Yin S, Fan H, Feng F, Yuan J. Effects of psychological stress on hypertension in middle-aged Chinese: A cross-sectional study. Vol. 10, PLoS ONE. 2015.
Seravalle G, Grassi G. Obesity and hypertension. Pharmacol Res [Internet]. 2017;122:1–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.013
Jiang SZ, Lu W, Zong XF, Ruan HY, Liu Y. Obesity and hypertension. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(4):2395–9.
Leng B, Jin Y, Li G, Chen L, Jin N. Socioeconomic status and hypertension: A meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2015;33(2):221–9.
