INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ EFFORTS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS COVID-19 PERSONAL SAFEGUARDS: A SURVEY BASED ON THE SWISS CHEESE MODEL

Authors

  • Ardiyanto Ardiyanto Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Emma Rosalina Ambarwati Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.22/no.3/art.1503

Keywords:

COVID-19, university students, safeguards, efforts, attitude

Abstract

A swiss cheese model-based survey was conducted to investigate the Indonesian students' efforts and attitude in following health protocols to minimize the spread of the COVID-19. The model was developed based on guidance related to student personal safeguards against COVID-19. The personal safeguards were distinguished into an individual (i.e., the use of face masks, physical distancing efforts, hand hygiene, immunity-boosting attempts, and vaccines) and shared (i.e., attitude towards COVID-19 and respiratory etiquette practices) layer of defenses. The survey was then administered to 232 Indonesian university students. The results indicated that the majority (>50%) were always wearing masks, wearing adequate masks, wearing fitted masks, and wearing masks properly. On the other hand, many participants (40-75%) reported not complying with the required hand hygiene standards, including washing hands in less than 20 seconds, and frequently touching the donned masks. Regarding immunity-boosting attempts, a third of the participants reported not exercising regularly. Also, about 10% of the participants were neutral or disagreed with staying at home when having close contacts or having the COVID-19 symptoms. Furthermore, some efforts and attitudes towards most safeguards were significantly different across the gender. In conclusion, most Indonesian student participants had adequate compliance regarding many safety measures regarding COVID-19 prevention, although several aspects such as hand hygiene and immunity-boosting attempts could still be improved.

References

Rokhman W, Ahamed F. The Role of Social and Psychological Factors on Entrepreneurial Intention among Islamic College Students in Indonesia. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review. 2015 Jan 1;3:29–42.

Binns C, Low WY, Kyung LM. The COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health and Epidemiology. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2020 May 1;32(4):140–4.

Umah A. PSBB Jakarta Mulai Berlaku, Ini yang Boleh & tak Boleh di DKI [Jakarta’s Large Scale Social Restrictions has Come into Effect, Here’s What You Can & Can’t Do in Jakarta Capital Special Region] [Internet]. CNBC Indonesia. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 8]. Available from: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200410064937-4-151040/psbb-jakarta-mulai-berlaku-ini-yang-boleh-tak-boleh-di-dki.

Makdori Y. Kemendikbud Wajibkan Perguruan Tinggi Kuliah Online hingga Januari 2021 [Ministry of Education Required the Higher Education Institutions to Hold Online Instructions until January 2021] [Internet]. liputan6.com. 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 14]. Available from: https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4288494/kemendikbud-wajibkan-perguruan-tinggi-kuliah-online-hingga-januari-2021.

Sadikin A, Hamidah A. Pembelajaran Daring di Tengah Wabah Covid-19 [Online Learning in the Middle of the Covid-19 Pandemic]. BIO. 2020 Jun 30;6(2):214–24.

Ardiyanto A, Mulyadin T, Santi A, Dharma I. Online Classrooms During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Industrial Engineering Instructors in Indonesia. High Learn Res Commun. 2021 Jun 11;11(1):27–46.

Sunasee R. Challenges of Teaching Organic Chemistry during COVID-19 Pandemic at a Primarily Undergraduate Institution. Journal of Chemical Education. 2020 Sep 8;97(9):3176–81.

Four Ministers’ Decree. SKB 4 Menteri tentang Panduan Penyelenggaraan Pembelajaran pada Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021 dan Tahun Akademik 2020/2021 di Masa Pandemi Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [4 Ministers’ Decree regarding Guidelines for the Implementation of Academic Instructions for 2020/2021 Academic Year during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic] [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 18]. Available from: https://bersamahadapikorona.kemdikbud.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/SALINAN_REVISI-SKB-4-MENTERI-PTM_AGUSTUS-2020.pdf.

Nathan-Roberts D, Sum K, Ishihara W, Lee J, Nixon H, Ferdolage T, et al. Findings from COVID-19 Background Literature Review [Internet]. San José State University; 2020. Available from: https://exponentehf.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Detailed-COVID-19-Literature-Review-of-Intervention-Best-Practices.pdf.

Dundar B, Karakose G. Seat assignment models for classrooms in response to Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of the Operational Research Society. 2021 Sep 8;0(0):1–13.

Akbar F, Islam F, Ashari AE, Mahmud A, Ashriady A, Saeni RH. Tindakan Tenaga Kesehatan dalam Menerapkan Protokol Kesehatan Saat Berangkat Kerja pada Era Kebiasaan Baru [Health Workers’ Efforts in Implementing Health Protocols when Working in the New Normal]. Jurnal Kesehatan Manarang. 2020 Oct 30;6(Khusus):41.

Siahaineinia HE, Bakara TL. Persepsi Masyarakat tentang Penggunaan Masker dan Cuci Tangan selama Pandemi COVID-19 di Pasar Sukaramai Medan [Public Perceptions about the Use of Face Masks and Handwashings during the COVID-19 Pandemic at Pasar Sukaramai Medan]. Wahana Inovasi. 2020;9(1):5.

Jong JC, Lai YC (Rex), Young CC, Chen YF. Application of Fault Tree Analysis and Swiss Cheese Model to the Overspeed Derailment of Puyuma Train in Yilan, Taiwan. Transportation Research Record. 2020 May 1;2674(5):33–46.

Reason J. Human Error: Models and Management. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2000;320(7237):768–70.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Communities, Schools, Workplaces, & Events [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 20]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/colleges-universities/considerations.html

Department for Education. Guidance Higher education: reopening buildings and campuses [Internet]. GOV.UK. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 19]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/higher-education-reopening-buildings-and-campuses/higher-education-reopening-buildings-and-campuses.

New York State Department of Health. Interim Guidance for Higher Education during The COVID-19 Public Health Emergency [Internet]. New York State Department of Health; 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/Higher_Education_Detailed_Guidelines.pdf.

California Department of Public Health. COVID-19 Industry Guidance: Institutions of Higher Education [Internet]. California Department of Public Health; 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://files.covid19.ca.gov/pdf/guidance-higher-education--en.pdf.

Boone HN, Boone DA. Analyzing likert data. Journal of extension. 2012;50(2):1–5.

Ranasinghe C, Ozemek C, Arena R. Exercise and well-being during COVID 19 – time to boost your immunity. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2020 Dec 1;18(12):1195–200.

Zildzic M, Masic I, Salihefendic N, Jasic M, Hajdarevic B. Muharem Zildzic et al -The Importance of Nutrition in Boosting Immunity for Prevention and Treatment COVID-19. 2020 Dec 28;8:73–9.

Silva E de SM e, Ono BHVS, Souza JC. Sleep and immunity in times of COVID-19. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2020;66(suppl 2):143–7.

Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C, Ranasinghe P. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020 Jul 1;14(4):367–82.

Mattos dos Santos R. Isolation, social stress, low socioeconomic status and its relationship to immune response in Covid-19 pandemic context. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health. 2020 Aug 1;7:100103.

Cattaruzza MS, Zagà V, Gallus S, D’Argenio P, Gorini G. Tobacco smoking and COVID-19 pandemic: old and new issues. A summary of the evidence from the scientific literature. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(2):106–12.

Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, Boffito M, Browne D, Burns F, et al. Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 30;NEJMoa2107659.

Knoll MD, Wonodi C. Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. The Lancet. 2021 Jan 9;397(10269):72–4.

Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020 Dec 31;383(27):2603–15.

Karimi A, Abbasi M, Zokaei M, Falahati M. Development of leading indicators for the assessment of occupational health performance using Reason’s Swiss cheese model. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021;10:9.

Indonesia CNN. Rangkuman Covid: 80 Persen Kena Varian Delta hingga Fase Rawan [Summary of Covid: 80 Percent Contracted by Delta Variant Run into The Alarming Phase] [Internet]. nasional. [cited 2022 Aug 6]. Available from: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20211122174020-20-724565/rangkuman-covid-80-persen-kena-varian-delta-hingga-fase-rawan.

Roy B, Dhillon JK, Habib N, Pugazhandhi B. Global variants of COVID-19: Current understanding. Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2021 Jul 16;8(1):8–11.

Chakrawarty A, Ranjan P, Thrinath A, Aggarwal E, Isaac JA, Berry P, et al. Assessment of Preventive Practices Followed by General Public During COVID-19 Pandemic - A Cross-Sectional Survey From India. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e11274.

Pellegrino R, Crandall PG, Seo HS. Using Olfaction and Unpleasant Reminders to Reduce the Intention-behavior Gap in Hand Washing. Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 6;6(1):18890.

McGuckin M, Waterman R, Porten L, Bello S, Caruso M, Juzaitis B, et al. Patient education model for increasing handwashing compliance. American Journal of Infection Control. 1999 Aug 1;27(4):309–14.

Aksay E. Live online exercise programs during the Covid-19 pandemic – are they useful for elderly adults? Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021 Jun;21(4):1650–8.

Singh JP, Sewda A, Shiv DG. Assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Students Regarding the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Health Management. 2020 Jun 1;22(2):281–90.

Elhadi M, Msherghi A, Alsoufi A, Buzreg A, Bouhuwaish A, Khaled A, et al. Knowledge, preventive behavior and risk perception regarding COVID-19: a self-reported study on college students. Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Jun 11;35(Suppl 2):75.

Dyregrov A, Fjærestad A, Gjestad R, Thimm J. Young People’s Risk Perception and Experience in Connection with COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2020 Dec 3;0(0):1–14.

Yue S, Zhang J, Cao M, Chen B. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of COVID-19 Among Urban and Rural Residents in China: A Cross-sectional Study. J Community Health. 2021 Apr 1;46(2):286–91.

Galasso V, Pons V, Profeta P, Becher M, Brouard S, Foucault M. Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries. PNAS. 2020 Nov 3;117(44):27285–91.

Perrotta D, Grow A, Rampazzo F, Cimentada J, Del Fava E, Gil-Clavel S, et al. Behaviours and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from a cross-national Facebook survey. EPJ Data Sci. 2021 Dec;10(1):1–13.

Downloads

Published

2022-12-21

How to Cite

Ardiyanto, A., & Ambarwati, E. R. . (2022). INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ EFFORTS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS COVID-19 PERSONAL SAFEGUARDS: A SURVEY BASED ON THE SWISS CHEESE MODEL. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 22(3), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.22/no.3/art.1503