THE MALAYSIA HAZE AND ITS HEALTH ECONOMIC IMPACT: A LITERATURE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.18/no.1/art.314Keywords:
haze, health impact, hospitalization, air pollution and forest fire, particulate matterAbstract
Introduction: The transboundary smoke haze has become a major concern as it had a wide ranging impact in Southeast Asia from the aspect of public health to national economics. This review aims to synthesize available literature in epidemiology, economics and haze related studies to provide essential information for the valuation of health costs associated with haze in Malaysia. Methods: Evidence on health economic impact of haze was gathered by conducting a literature review and collecting information on the health effects of haze and the cost of it as well as the hospitalization cost from medical illnesses and hospital admissions due to haze. Articles were taken from those that were published from 1999 to 2016.Results: The 1997 Asian Haze episode has caused increasing trend of prematurity of mortality and respiratory problems and several series of haze later had caused increased number of hospitalization. The cost impact on hospital admission ranges from MYR1.8 million in 2005 to MYR118.9 million in 2013. During the 1997 haze, the incremental cost of illness (COI) was noted to be MYR 21million and it shot up to MYR 410 million during the 2013 haze. Conclusion: The haze gives a serious health effect to our country and our neighbours. These health effect has caused a significant health economy impact which include rise in hospital admission cost and medication, incremental cost of illness and extend to cost of medical-related leaves taken and lead to loss of income opportunities.
References
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34. Jones T, Baxter M, Khanduja V. A quick guide to survey research. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2013;95(1):5-7.
35. Maclure M. The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. American journal of epidemiology. 1991;133(2):144-53.
36. Box GE, Jenkins GM, Reinsel GC. Time series analysis: forecasting and control: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
37. Mann C. Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency medicine journal. 2003;20(1):54-60.
38. Delfino RJ, Wu J, Tjoa T, Gullesserian SK, Nickerson B, Gillen DL. Asthma morbidity and ambient air pollution: effect modification by residential traffic-related air pollution. Epidemiology. 2014;25(1):48-57.
39. Xie W, Li G, Zhao D, Xie X, Wei Z, Wang W, et al. Relationship between fine particulate air pollution and ischaemic heart disease morbidity and mortality. Heart. 2014:heartjnl-2014-306165.
40. Gholampour A, Nabizadeh R, Naseri S, Yunesian M, Taghipour H, Rastkari N, et al. Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014;12(1):27.
41. Hod R. The Impact of Air Pollution and Haze on Hospital Admission for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases. International Journal of Public Health Research. 2016;6(1):707-12.
42. Chen R, Chu C, Tan J, Cao J, Song W, Xu X, et al. Ambient air pollution and hospital admission in Shanghai, China. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010;181(1):234-40.
43. Pocock NS, Phua KH. Medical tourism and policy implications for health systems: a conceptual framework from a comparative study of Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. Globalization and health. 2011;7(1):12.
44. Aspinall E. Health care and democratization in Indonesia. Democratization. 2014;21(5):803-23.
2. SECRETARIAT A. Information on Fire and Haze Jakarta2008 [cited 2016]. Available from: http://haze.asean.org/about-us/information-on-fire-and-haze/
3. Varkkey H. Patronage politics as a driver of economic regionalisation: The Indonesian oil palm sector and transboundary haze. Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 2012;53(3):314-29.
4. Koplitz SN, Mickley LJ, Marlier ME, Buonocore JJ, Kim PS, Liu T, et al. Public health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September–October 2015: demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management strategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure. Environmental Research Letters. 2016;11(9):094023.
5. Mayer J. Transboundary perspectives on managing Indonesia’s fires. The Journal of Environment & Development. 2006;15(2):202-23.
6. Mahmud M. Assessment of atmospheric impacts of biomass open burning in Kalimantan, Borneo during 2004. Atmospheric Environment. 2013;78:242-9.
7. Mahmud M. Active fire and hotspot emissions in Peninsular Malaysia during the 2002 burning season. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 2017;1(1).
8. Rahman HA, editor Haze Phenomenon in Malaysia: Domesticor Transboudry Factor? 3rd International Journal Conference on Chemical Engineering and its Applications; 2013.
9. Cheng Z, Wang S, Jiang J, Fu Q, Chen C, Xu B, et al. Long-term trend of haze pollution and impact of particulate matter in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Environmental pollution. 2013;182:101-10.
10. Tan P. Effect of haze on gas turbine output. 2008.
11. Norela S, Saidah M, Mahmud M. Chemical composition of the haze in Malaysia 2005. Atmospheric Environment. 2013;77:1005-10.
12. Huang R-J, Zhang Y, Bozzetti C, Ho K-F, Cao J-J, Han Y, et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature. 2014;514(7521):218.
13. Wang L, Xu J, Yang J, Zhao X, Wei W, Cheng D, et al. Understanding haze pollution over the southern Hebei area of China using the CMAQ model. Atmospheric Environment. 2012;56:69-79.
14. Sahani M, Zainon NA, Mahiyuddin WRW, Latif MT, Hod R, Khan MF, et al. A case-crossover analysis of forest fire haze events and mortality in Malaysia. Atmospheric Environment. 2014;96:257-65.
15. Othman J, Sahani M, Mahmud M, Ahmad MKS. Transboundary smoke haze pollution in Malaysia: inpatient health impacts and economic valuation. Environmental Pollution. 2014;189:194-201.
16. DOE. Air Pollution Index 2016 [19.01.2016]. Available from: http://apims.doe.gov.my/v2/faq.html#.
17. DOE. A Guide To Air Pollutant lndex ln Malaysia (API)2000.
18. Tahir NM, Suratman S, Fong FT, Hamzah MS, Latif MT. Temporal distribution and chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter in the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2013;13(2):584-95.
19. Lu F, Xu D, Cheng Y, Dong S, Guo C, Jiang X, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the adverse health effects of ambient PM2. 5 and PM10 pollution in the Chinese population. Environmental research. 2015;136:196-204.
20. Djamil Y, Lee W-C, Tien Dat P, Kuwata M, editors. Large-scale weather dynamics during the 2015 haze event in Singapore. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts; 2017.
21. Quah E, Varkkey H. The political economy of transboundary pollution: mitigation of forest fires and haze in Southeast Asia. The Asian Community: Its Concepts and Prospects. 2013:323-58.
22. Heil A. Indonesian forest and peat fires: emissions, air quality, and human health: University of Hamburg Hamburg; 2007.
23. Mott JA, Mannino DM, Alverson CJ, Kiyu A, Hashim J, Lee T, et al. Cardiorespiratory hospitalizations associated with smoke exposure during the 1997 Southeast Asian forest fires. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2005;208(1):75-85.
24. Emmanuel SC. Impact to lung health of haze from forest fires: the Singapore experience. Respirology. 2000;5(2):175-82.
25. Othman J, Shahwahid O. Cost of Trans-boundary haze externalities. J Economi Malaysia. 1999;33:3-19.
26. Phonboon K, Paisarn-uchapong O, Kanatharana P, Agsorn S. Smoke episodes emissions characterization and assessment of health risks related downwind air qualitycase study, Thailand. WHO Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events Geneva: World Health Organization. 1999:334-58.
27. Shawahid M. The economic value of June 2013 haze impact on Peninsular Malaysia Philipines: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia, 2016.
28. Ho RC, Zhang MW, Ho CS, Pan F, Lu Y, Sharma VK. Impact of 2013 south Asian haze crisis: study of physical and psychological symptoms and perceived dangerousness of pollution level. BMC psychiatry. 2014;14(1):81.
29. Othman J, Sahani M, Mahmud M, Ahmad M, Sheikh K. The Health Impact of Haze: A Valuation Study from Malaysia. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA), 2016.
30. Applegate G, Smith R, Fox JJ, Mitchell A, Packham D, Tapper N, et al. Forest fires in Indonesia: impacts and solutions. Which way forward. 2002:293-308.
31. Gao M, Guttikunda SK, Carmichael GR, Wang Y, Liu Z, Stanier CO, et al. Health impacts and economic losses assessment of the 2013 severe haze event in Beijing area. Science of the Total Environment. 2015;511:553-61.
32. Hon P. "Singapore” in Indonesia’s Fire and Haze, the cost of catastrophe,. The Institute of Southeast Asias Studies (ISEAS), 1999.
33. Ruitenbeek J. Indonesia's Fire and Haze: The Cost of Catastrophe. Institute of South East Asia Study, Singapura. 1999.
34. Jones T, Baxter M, Khanduja V. A quick guide to survey research. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2013;95(1):5-7.
35. Maclure M. The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. American journal of epidemiology. 1991;133(2):144-53.
36. Box GE, Jenkins GM, Reinsel GC. Time series analysis: forecasting and control: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
37. Mann C. Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency medicine journal. 2003;20(1):54-60.
38. Delfino RJ, Wu J, Tjoa T, Gullesserian SK, Nickerson B, Gillen DL. Asthma morbidity and ambient air pollution: effect modification by residential traffic-related air pollution. Epidemiology. 2014;25(1):48-57.
39. Xie W, Li G, Zhao D, Xie X, Wei Z, Wang W, et al. Relationship between fine particulate air pollution and ischaemic heart disease morbidity and mortality. Heart. 2014:heartjnl-2014-306165.
40. Gholampour A, Nabizadeh R, Naseri S, Yunesian M, Taghipour H, Rastkari N, et al. Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014;12(1):27.
41. Hod R. The Impact of Air Pollution and Haze on Hospital Admission for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases. International Journal of Public Health Research. 2016;6(1):707-12.
42. Chen R, Chu C, Tan J, Cao J, Song W, Xu X, et al. Ambient air pollution and hospital admission in Shanghai, China. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010;181(1):234-40.
43. Pocock NS, Phua KH. Medical tourism and policy implications for health systems: a conceptual framework from a comparative study of Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. Globalization and health. 2011;7(1):12.
44. Aspinall E. Health care and democratization in Indonesia. Democratization. 2014;21(5):803-23.
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Published
2018-04-13
How to Cite
Norfazillah Ab Manan, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, & Rozita Hod. (2018). THE MALAYSIA HAZE AND ITS HEALTH ECONOMIC IMPACT: A LITERATURE REVIEW. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 18(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.18/no.1/art.314
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