PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASE AMONG HEALTHY PEOPLE QUESTIONNAIRE: DEVELOPMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY AMONG YOUNG IRAQI ADULTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.18/no.1/art.241Keywords:
perception, validity, chronic diseaseAbstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases are the new emerging epidemic, and they are thought to challenge only rich countries; cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are now the leading cause of death and disability in low-income and middle-income countries, where they killed almost 8 million people younger than 60 years in 2013. Therefore, there is a need to develop a valid and reliable tool to measure the beliefs that influence people’s general behaviour, and a used to measure beliefs about chronic disease perceived susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the use of perception questionnaire among the young Iraqi adults. A total of 200 young adults participated who are free from any chronic diseases under study, and are living in Baghdad. The questionnaire, validated by an expert’s panel, translated to Arabic language, and pretested. Analyses included descriptive statistics of all the study variables, reliability estimates, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results showed that mean age of respondents was 30 years old, majority were males 71.5%, and EFA showed that factor loading was more than 0.4. CFA results show that Chi-square (df) = 1.213(2); p value (>0.05) = 0.297. Internal consistency reliability analysis on health-related behaviour; special practice, information seeking and perceived probability of diseases have good Cronbach’s ? value of between 0.8 - 0.9. These findings revealed that validation is favourable and can be utilized on larger scale of sample to proceed with main study on chronic disease perceived susceptibility among healthy people.
References
2. Abdul Rahim, H. F., Sibai, A., Khader, Y., Hwalla, N., Fadhil, I., Alsiyabi, H. Husseini, A. Non-communicable diseases in the Arab world. The Lancet 2014; 383:9914, 356–367.
3. Hay, J. L., Orom, H., Kiviniemi, M. T., & Waters, E. a. “I Don’t Know” My Cancer Risk: Exploring Deficits in Cancer Knowledge and Information-Seeking Skills to Explain an Often-Overlooked Participant Response. Medical Decision Making 2015; 35:4, 436–445.
4. Abdelmoneim Awad and Hala Al-Nafisi .Public knowledge of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Kuwait: a cross-sectional survey\r. BioMed Central Public Health 2014; 14: 1131.
5. Walker, M. J., Mirea, L., Glendon, G., Ritvo, P., Andrulis, I. L., Knight, J. A., & Chiarelli, A. M. Does perceived risk predict breast cancer screening use? Findings from a prospective cohort study of female relatives from the Ontario site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Breast 2014; 23:4, 482–488.
6. Weinman, J. & Petrie, K. Illness perceptions: a new paradigm for psychosomatics Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1997; 42:2, 113-116.
7. Muayyad M. Ahmad, Latefa Dardas, Lubna Dardas, Huthaifa Ahmad. Colorectal cancer in Jordan: prevention and care. Global Health Promotion 2014; 22:4,39-47
8. Leventhal, H., Weinman, J., Leventhal, E. a, & Phillips, L. A. Health Psychology: the Search for Pathways between Behaviour and Health. Annual Review of Psychology 2008; 59: 477–505.
9. Castro, E. K. de, Peuker, A. C., Lawrenz, P., & Figueiras, M. J. Illness Perception, Knowledge and Self-Care about Cervical Cancer. Psicologia: Reflexão E Crítica 2015; 28:3, 483–489.
10. Anagnostopoulos, F., Dimitrakaki, C., Fitzsimmons, D., Potamianos, G., Niakas, D., & Tountas, Y. Health beliefs and illness perceptions as related to mammography uptake in randomly selected women in Greece. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2012; 19:2, 147–164.
11. Mickevi?ien?, A., Vanagas, G., Jievaltas, M., & Ulys, A. (2013). Does illness perception explain quality of life of patients with prostate cancer Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2013 ;49: 5, 235–41
12. Castillo, A. Del, Godoy-Izquierdo, D., Vázquez, M. L., & Godoy, J. F. (2013). Illness beliefs about hypertension among non-patients and healthy relatives of patients. Health 2013; 5:4, 47–58.
13. Lawson, B., Aarsen, K. Van, Mhi, C. L., & Fcfp, W. P. Self-Reported Health Beliefs , Lifestyle and Health Behaviours in Community-Based Patients with Diabetes and Hypertension. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2013; 35:5, 490–496
14. Allen, P., Sequeira, S., Best, L., Jones, E., Baker, E. A., & Brownson, R. C. Perceived benefits and challenges of coordinated approaches to chronic disease prevention in state health departments. Preventing Chronic Disease 2014; 11, E76
15. Hafizah, P., Zaleha, M. I., & Shamsul, A. S. The Validation of Questionnaire on Risk Perception of Developing Five Most Common Non-Communicable Diseases in Malaysia, Journal of Nursing and Health Science 2013; 1:2, 29–35.
16. Figueiras, M. J., & Alves, N. C. Lay perceptions of serious illnesses: An adapted version of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) for healthy people. Psychology & Health 2007; 22:2, 143–158.
17. AlGhamdi, K. M. Beliefs and perceptions of Arab vitiligo patients regarding their condition. International Journal of Dermatology 2010; 49:10, 1141–1145.
18. Moss-Morris, R., Weinman, J., Petrie, K. J., Horne, R., Cameron, L. D., & Buick, D. The revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychology & Health 2002; 17:1, 1–16
19. Heale, R. & Twycross, A. 2015. Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Research. Evidence-Based Nursing 2015; 21:1
20. Goodman, H., Firouzi, A., Banya, W., Lau-Walker, M., & Cowie, M. R. Illness perception, self-care behaviour and quality of life of heart failure patients: A longitudinal questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2013; 50:7, 945–953
21. Chung, C., & Lee, S. J. Estimated risks and optimistic self-perception of breast cancer risk in Korean women. Applied Nursing Research 2013; 26:4, 180–185.
22. Petrak, A., Sherman, K. A., & Fitness, J. (2013). Validation of the Croatian and Lebanese Revised Illness Perception Questionnaires for Healthy People (IPQ-RH). European Journal of Cancer Care 2013; 24:3, 355–366
23. Al Shafaee, M. a, Al-Shukaili, S., Rizvi, S.G. a, Al Farsi, Y., Khan, M. a, Ganguly, S.S., Afifi, M. & Al Adawi, S. 2008. Knowledge and perceptions of diabetes in a semi-urban Omani population. BMC public health 8: 249.
24. Duncan, L.A., Schaller, M. & Park, J.H. 2009. Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument. Personality and Individual Differences 47(6): 541–546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.001
25. Stetson, B., Schlundt, D., Rothschild, C., Floyd, J.E., Rogers, W. & Mokshagundam, S.P. 2011. Development and validation of The Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ): A measure of diabetes self-care behaviours, perceptions and barriers. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 91(3): 321–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.12.002
26. Knowles, S., Swan, L., Salzberg, M., Castle, D., & Langham, R. Exploring the Relationships between Health Status, Illness Perceptions, Coping Strategies and Psychological Morbidity in a Chronic Kidney Disease Cohort. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2014; 4:271-6
27. Noureddine, S., Massouh, A. & Froeliche. Perceptions of heart disease in community-dwelling Lebanese. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2013; 12(1): 56–63.
