EATING STYLE AND THE NATURE OF FOOD CONSUMPTION: MAPPING INDIVIDUALS’ HEALTH RISKS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.17/no.3/art.232Keywords:
eating style, food consumption, adults, MalaysiaAbstract
Research examining whether psychological eating style is related to healthy or unhealthy eating patterns is required to explain the mechanisms underlying non-communicable diseases and obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether eating style predicts thenature of food consumption. This was a cross-sectional study of 588 adults (males = 231 and females = 357). Eating style (i.e. restrained, emotional, external eating) was measured using the short version of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). The nature of food consumption was assessed using self-reports of consumption of fruits and vegetables, sweet foods, junk food, and snacks.The results revealed that restrained eating was higher in females and overweight participants. External eating,a higher frequency of snacking,and a higher frequency of junk food consumptionwere more prevalent among the younger participants. Consistent with previous Western studies, emotional eating was found to be the main predictor of consumption of less healthful foods (sweet foods, junk food, and snacks), whereas external eatingpredicted the intake of sweet foods. The intake of fruits and vegetableswas associated with restrained eating. In light of the significant associations between eating style and the nature of food consumption, acknowledging individuals’ eating styleshas implications for tailoring effective nutritional programs that address obesity and the chronic disease epidemic.
References
1. Baharudin A. Escalating prevalence of overweight and obesity among Malaysian adults: after a 10 years period. MJM.2015;70Suppl 1: S16.
2. Mustapha F, Omar Z, Mihat O, Noh K, Hassan N, Abu Bakar R, AbdManan A, Ismail F, Jabbar N, Muhamad Y, Rahman LA, Majid FA, Shahrir S, Ahmad E, Davey T, Allotey P. Addressing non- communicable diseases in Malaysia: an integrative process of systems and community.BMC Public Health. 2014;14Suppl 2:S4.
3. World Health Organization (WHO) 2014. Non-communicable disease country profile. Geneva: WHO [cited 28 September 2016]Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/m ys_en.pdf?ua=1
4. Keski-Rahkonen A, Bulik CM, Pietiläinen KH, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Rissanen A. Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins. Eur J ClinNutr.2007;61:822–829.
5. KaplanHL, Kaplan HS The psychosomatic concept of obesity. J Nervous Mental Disease.1957;125:181–201.
6. Ganley RM. Emotion and eating in obesity: a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord.1989;3:343–361.
7. Bruch H. Eating disorders.New York: Basic Books; 1973.
8. Van Strien T, Herman CP, Verheijden MW. Eating style, overeating, and overweight in a representative Dutch sample. Does external eating play a role? Appetite.2009;52:380–387.
9. Schachter S, Goldman R, Gordon A. Effects of fear, food deprivation and obesity on eating. JPersSocPsychol.1968;10:91–97.
10. Herman CP, Mack D. Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers.1975;43:647–660.
11. Conner M, Fitter M, Fletcher W. Stress and snacking: a diary study of daily hassles and between meal snacking. Psychol Health. 1999;14:51–63.
12. Van Strien T, Frijters J, Bergers G, Defares P. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating.Int J Eat Disord. 1986; 5: 295–315.
13. Bozan N, Bas M, HulyaAsci F. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite. 2011;56 (3):564–566.
14. Burton P, Smit HJ, Lighttowler HJ. The influence of restrained and external eating patterns on overeating. Appetite.2007;49:191–197.
15. Snoek HM, van Strien T, Janssens MAM,Engels RCME. Emotional, external, restrained eating and overweight in Dutch adolescents. Scand J Psychol.2007;48:23–32.
16. Bailly N, Maitre, I, Amanda A, Herve C, Alaphilipe D. The Dutch Eating BehaviourQuestionnaire (DEBQ): assessment of eating behavior in an aging French population. Appetite.2012;59:853–858.
17. Lluch A, Herbeth B, Mejean L, Siest G. Dietary intakes, eating styles and overweight in the Stanislas Family Study.Int J Obes. 2000;24(11):1493– 1499.
18. Wardle J, Marsland L, Sheikh Y, Quinn M, Fedoroff I, Ogden J. Eating style and eating behaviour in adolescents.Appetite. 1992;18(3):167– 183.
19. Boschi V, Iorio D, Margiotta N, D’Orsi P, Falconi C. The three factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behavior in subjects seeking participation in diettherapyprogramme. Ann NutrMetab. 2001;45:72–77.
20. De Lauzon B, Romon M, Deschamps V, LafayL,Borys JM, Karlsson J, Ducimetière P, Charles MA; FleurbaixLaventie Ville Sante Study Group. The three factor eating questionnaire-R18 is able to distinguish among different eating patterns in general population. J Nutr. 2004;134:2372–2380.
21. Elfhag K, Tholin S, Rasmussen F. Consumption of fruit, vegetables, sweets and soft drinks are associated with psychological dimensions of eating behaviour in parents and their 12-year- old children.Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(9):914–923.
22. Elfhag K, Morey LC. Personality traits and eating behavior in obese: poor self- control in emotional and external eating but personality assets in restrained eating. Eating Beh.2008;9:285–293.
23. Habhab, S, Sheldon, JP & Loeb, RC. The relationship between stress, dietary restraint, and food preferences in women. Appetite. 2009; 52: 437-444.
24. Roemich, JN, Wright, SM, &Eipstein, LH. Dietary restraint and stress-induced snacking in youth. Obes Res. 2002; 10: 1120-1126.
25. Elfhag K, Thynelius P, Rasmussen F. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks in association to restrained, external and emotional eating.
PhysiolBehav.2007;91:191–195.
26. O'Connor DB, Conner M. Effects of stress on eating behavior. In:ContradaR,Baum, A,editors. The handbook of stress science:biology, psychology, and health.New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2011. p. 275–286.
27. Gittelsohn J, WoleverTM,Harris SB, Harris-Giraldo R, Hanley AJG, Zinman B. Specific patterns of food consumption and preparation are associated with diabetes and obesity in a native Canadian community. J Nutr.1998;128:541–547.
28. Albuquerque D, Stice E, Rodriguez- Lopez R, Manco L, Nobrega C. Current review of genetics of human obesity: from molecular mechanisms to an evolutionary perspective. Mol Genet Genomics. 2015;290:1190–1221
29. World Health Organization (WHO).Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva: WHO.1998;p.158.
30. Wardle J. Eating style. A validation study of the Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire in normal weight subjects and women with eating disorders.JPsychosom Res. 1987;31:161– 169.
31. De Castro JM. The relationship of cognitive restraint to spontaneous food and fluid intake of free-living humans. PhysiolBehav.1995;57:287–295.
32. Lahteenmaki L, Tuorila H. Three-factor eating questionnaire and the use and liking of sweet and fat among dieters.PhysiolBehav. 1995;57:81–88.
33. Roemmich JN, Wright SM, Epstein LH. Dietary restraint and stress-induced snacking in youth. Obes Res. 2002;1(11):1120–1126.
34. Drewnowski A, Greenwood MRC. Cream and sugar: human preferences for high fat food. PhysiolBehav. 1983;30:629–633.
35. Khor, GL. Food availability and the rising obesity prevalence in Malaysia.IeJSME.2012;6Suppl 1:S61–S68.
36. Sunday SR, Einhorn A, Halmi KA. Relationship of perceived macronutrient and caloric content to affective cognitions about food in eating disordered, restrained, and unrestrained subjects. Am J ClinNutr. 1992; 55:362–371.
37. Sanchez-Carracedo D, Saldana C, Domenech JM. Obesity, diet and restrained eating in a Mediterranean population. Int J Obes.1996;20(10):943– 950.
38. Papies EK, Stroebe W, Aarts H. Who likes it more? Restrained eaters’ implicit attitudes towards food. Appetite.2009;53:279–287.
39. Heatherton TF, Herman CP, Polivy J. Effects of physical threat and ego threat on eating behaviour. J PersSocPsychol. 1991; 60:138–143.
40. Greeno C, Wing R. Stress-induced eating. Psychol Bull. 1994;115(3):444- 464.
2. Mustapha F, Omar Z, Mihat O, Noh K, Hassan N, Abu Bakar R, AbdManan A, Ismail F, Jabbar N, Muhamad Y, Rahman LA, Majid FA, Shahrir S, Ahmad E, Davey T, Allotey P. Addressing non- communicable diseases in Malaysia: an integrative process of systems and community.BMC Public Health. 2014;14Suppl 2:S4.
3. World Health Organization (WHO) 2014. Non-communicable disease country profile. Geneva: WHO [cited 28 September 2016]Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/m ys_en.pdf?ua=1
4. Keski-Rahkonen A, Bulik CM, Pietiläinen KH, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Rissanen A. Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins. Eur J ClinNutr.2007;61:822–829.
5. KaplanHL, Kaplan HS The psychosomatic concept of obesity. J Nervous Mental Disease.1957;125:181–201.
6. Ganley RM. Emotion and eating in obesity: a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord.1989;3:343–361.
7. Bruch H. Eating disorders.New York: Basic Books; 1973.
8. Van Strien T, Herman CP, Verheijden MW. Eating style, overeating, and overweight in a representative Dutch sample. Does external eating play a role? Appetite.2009;52:380–387.
9. Schachter S, Goldman R, Gordon A. Effects of fear, food deprivation and obesity on eating. JPersSocPsychol.1968;10:91–97.
10. Herman CP, Mack D. Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers.1975;43:647–660.
11. Conner M, Fitter M, Fletcher W. Stress and snacking: a diary study of daily hassles and between meal snacking. Psychol Health. 1999;14:51–63.
12. Van Strien T, Frijters J, Bergers G, Defares P. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating.Int J Eat Disord. 1986; 5: 295–315.
13. Bozan N, Bas M, HulyaAsci F. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite. 2011;56 (3):564–566.
14. Burton P, Smit HJ, Lighttowler HJ. The influence of restrained and external eating patterns on overeating. Appetite.2007;49:191–197.
15. Snoek HM, van Strien T, Janssens MAM,Engels RCME. Emotional, external, restrained eating and overweight in Dutch adolescents. Scand J Psychol.2007;48:23–32.
16. Bailly N, Maitre, I, Amanda A, Herve C, Alaphilipe D. The Dutch Eating BehaviourQuestionnaire (DEBQ): assessment of eating behavior in an aging French population. Appetite.2012;59:853–858.
17. Lluch A, Herbeth B, Mejean L, Siest G. Dietary intakes, eating styles and overweight in the Stanislas Family Study.Int J Obes. 2000;24(11):1493– 1499.
18. Wardle J, Marsland L, Sheikh Y, Quinn M, Fedoroff I, Ogden J. Eating style and eating behaviour in adolescents.Appetite. 1992;18(3):167– 183.
19. Boschi V, Iorio D, Margiotta N, D’Orsi P, Falconi C. The three factor eating questionnaire in the evaluation of eating behavior in subjects seeking participation in diettherapyprogramme. Ann NutrMetab. 2001;45:72–77.
20. De Lauzon B, Romon M, Deschamps V, LafayL,Borys JM, Karlsson J, Ducimetière P, Charles MA; FleurbaixLaventie Ville Sante Study Group. The three factor eating questionnaire-R18 is able to distinguish among different eating patterns in general population. J Nutr. 2004;134:2372–2380.
21. Elfhag K, Tholin S, Rasmussen F. Consumption of fruit, vegetables, sweets and soft drinks are associated with psychological dimensions of eating behaviour in parents and their 12-year- old children.Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(9):914–923.
22. Elfhag K, Morey LC. Personality traits and eating behavior in obese: poor self- control in emotional and external eating but personality assets in restrained eating. Eating Beh.2008;9:285–293.
23. Habhab, S, Sheldon, JP & Loeb, RC. The relationship between stress, dietary restraint, and food preferences in women. Appetite. 2009; 52: 437-444.
24. Roemich, JN, Wright, SM, &Eipstein, LH. Dietary restraint and stress-induced snacking in youth. Obes Res. 2002; 10: 1120-1126.
25. Elfhag K, Thynelius P, Rasmussen F. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks in association to restrained, external and emotional eating.
PhysiolBehav.2007;91:191–195.
26. O'Connor DB, Conner M. Effects of stress on eating behavior. In:ContradaR,Baum, A,editors. The handbook of stress science:biology, psychology, and health.New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2011. p. 275–286.
27. Gittelsohn J, WoleverTM,Harris SB, Harris-Giraldo R, Hanley AJG, Zinman B. Specific patterns of food consumption and preparation are associated with diabetes and obesity in a native Canadian community. J Nutr.1998;128:541–547.
28. Albuquerque D, Stice E, Rodriguez- Lopez R, Manco L, Nobrega C. Current review of genetics of human obesity: from molecular mechanisms to an evolutionary perspective. Mol Genet Genomics. 2015;290:1190–1221
29. World Health Organization (WHO).Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva: WHO.1998;p.158.
30. Wardle J. Eating style. A validation study of the Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire in normal weight subjects and women with eating disorders.JPsychosom Res. 1987;31:161– 169.
31. De Castro JM. The relationship of cognitive restraint to spontaneous food and fluid intake of free-living humans. PhysiolBehav.1995;57:287–295.
32. Lahteenmaki L, Tuorila H. Three-factor eating questionnaire and the use and liking of sweet and fat among dieters.PhysiolBehav. 1995;57:81–88.
33. Roemmich JN, Wright SM, Epstein LH. Dietary restraint and stress-induced snacking in youth. Obes Res. 2002;1(11):1120–1126.
34. Drewnowski A, Greenwood MRC. Cream and sugar: human preferences for high fat food. PhysiolBehav. 1983;30:629–633.
35. Khor, GL. Food availability and the rising obesity prevalence in Malaysia.IeJSME.2012;6Suppl 1:S61–S68.
36. Sunday SR, Einhorn A, Halmi KA. Relationship of perceived macronutrient and caloric content to affective cognitions about food in eating disordered, restrained, and unrestrained subjects. Am J ClinNutr. 1992; 55:362–371.
37. Sanchez-Carracedo D, Saldana C, Domenech JM. Obesity, diet and restrained eating in a Mediterranean population. Int J Obes.1996;20(10):943– 950.
38. Papies EK, Stroebe W, Aarts H. Who likes it more? Restrained eaters’ implicit attitudes towards food. Appetite.2009;53:279–287.
39. Heatherton TF, Herman CP, Polivy J. Effects of physical threat and ego threat on eating behaviour. J PersSocPsychol. 1991; 60:138–143.
40. Greeno C, Wing R. Stress-induced eating. Psychol Bull. 1994;115(3):444- 464.
Downloads
Published
2017-12-08
How to Cite
Madihah Shukri, & Nor Farid Mohd Noor. (2017). EATING STYLE AND THE NATURE OF FOOD CONSUMPTION: MAPPING INDIVIDUALS’ HEALTH RISKS. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 17(3), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.17/no.3/art.232
Issue
Section
Articles
