THE IMPACT OF RAMAZAN I’TIKAF ON IMMUNE SYSTEM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.17/no.3/art.221Keywords:
Immune system, Ramadan I’tikaf, weight, BMI, immune systemAbstract
I'tikaaf is a worship maintained by very deep hunger in fasting month of Ramadan. Hunger causes different results on the immune system. This is a prospective study. In this study, the changes in the immune system were investigated during the period of the i’tikaf, which is deep hunger worship. In the last 10 days of Ramadan, before and at the end of i’tikaf blood was taken from 46 male volunteers who performed i’tikaf worship and various biochemical and immunological parameters were examined. Comparison of the measures taken before and after i’tikaf indicated a statistically significant decrease in weight, BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference (p<0.001). Of the hematologic parameters, the lymphocyte count increased significantly (p=0.009). Also, a significant increase was observed in the values of IgA, IgM ve Ig G within the hematological parameters (p<0.001). During the period of i’tikaf, feeding with very low calories (1000 calories) caused an increase in the levels of lymphocyte and immunoglobulins and got the immune system stronger.
References
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27. Murray MJ, Murray NJ, Murray AB, et al. (1976). Refeeding-malaria and hyperferremia. Lancet 1975; I: 653-654.
28. Murray MJ, Murray MB, Murray AB, et al. (1976). Somali food shelter in the Ogaden famine and their impact on health. Lancet. I: 1283-1285.
29. Murray J, Murray A (1977). Suppression of infection by famine and its activation by refeeding-a paradox?. Perspect Biol Med. 7977; 20: 477-483.
2. A'râf: 7/138; Tâhâ: 20/91, 97; Enbiyâ: 21/52; ?uarâ: 26/71; Fetih: 48/25.
3. Buhârî, “?’tikâf”, 1, 6,17, “hayz”, 303, “ezan”, 629; Müslim, “?’tikâf”, 1-4, “zekat”, 1031; Ebû Dâvud, “Savm”, 77, 2476, 78; Tirmizî, “Savm”, 71, “zühd”, 2391; ?bn Mâce, “Mukaddime”, 210, “S?yâm”, 58,1780; Ebû Dâvud, “Savm”, 77,79, 2476; Taberânî, “Mu’cemu’l-Kebîr”; “Mecmau’z-Zevâid”, III,173; Darimi, “Taharet”, 877; Nesai, “Âdabu’l-Kudat”, 5380;Malik, “el-Cami”, 1777; Ahmed, 6/131, 2/439.
4. Kieldsen-Kragh J, Haugen M, Borchgrevink CF, et al. (1991). Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 338: 899–902.
5. Mohammed KIA, Mahmood MM (2010). Effect of Ramadan fasting on the levels of IL-1?, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines. Diyala J Pure Sci. 6: 308–313.
6. Rouhani MH & Azadbakht L(2014). Is Ramadan fasting related to health outcomes? A review on the related evidence. J Res Med Sciv.19 (10).
7. Shcherbakov VI, Pozdnyakov IM (2004). Study of some immunity parameters in patients receiving low-caloric diets. Bull Exp Biol Med.138: 565–567.
8. Wardwell L, Chapman-Novakofski K, Herrel S, et al. (2008). Nutrient intake and immune function of elderly subjects. J Am Diet Assoc. 108: 2005–2012.
9. Walrand S, Moreau K, Caldefie F, et al. (2001). Specific and nonspecific immune responses to fasting and refeeding differ in healthy young adult and elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr.74: 670–678.
10. Tanya B. Dorff, Susan Groshen, Agustin Garcia, Manali Shah, Denice Tsao-Wei, Huyen Pham, Chia-Wei Cheng, Sebastian Brandhorst, Pinchas Cohen, Min Wei, Valter Longo,and David I (2016). QuinnSafety and feasibility of fasting in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy.BMC Cancer.16: 360.
11. Philip C. Calder(2007), Immunological Parameters: What Do They Mean?J. Nutr. 137: 773S-780S.
12. Dang VT, Tanabe K, Tanaka Y, Tokumoto N, Misumi T, Saeki Y, Fujikuni N, Ohdan H (2014). Fasting enhances TRAIL-mediated liver natural killer cell activity via HSP70 upregulationPLoS One. 30;9(10).
13. Wing EJ, Stanko RT, Winkelstein A, Adibi SA (1983). Fasting-enhanced immune effector mechanisms in obese subjects.Am J Med. 75(1):91-6.
14. Saxena RK, Saxena QB, Adler WH (1980). Regulation of natural killer activity in vivo: Part I--loss of natural killer activity during starvation.Indian J Exp Biol. 18(12):1383-6.
15. Ann Surg Oncol. Yodying H, Matsuda A, Miyashita M, Matsumoto S, Sakurazawa N, Yamada M, Uchida E (2016).Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil-to- Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to- Lymphocyte Ratio in Oncologic Outcomes of Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann SurgOncol.23(2):646-54.
16. Wu Y, Li C, Zhao J, Yang L, Liu F, Zheng H, Wang Z, Xu Y(2016). Neutrophil-to- lymphocyte and platelet-to- lymphocyte ratios predict chemotherapy outcomes and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastasis.World J Surg Oncol. 16;14(1):289.
17. Fahrial Syam A,Suryani Sobur C,Abdullah M,Makmun D (2016).Ramadan Fasting Decreases Body Fa t but Not Protein Mass.Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2;14(1).
18. Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ, Haghdoost AA (2014). Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public Health Nutr. 17(2):396-406.
19. M Haouari , F Haouari-Oukerro , A Sfaxi et al. (2008) How Ramadan fasting affects caloric consumption, body weight, and circadian evolution of cortisol serum levels in young, healthy male volunteers. Horm Metab Res. 40:575–577.
20. Hajek P1, Myers K, Dhanji AR, West O, McRobbie H(2012) Weight change during and after Ramadan fasting. J Public Health (Oxf). 34, 377–381.
21. Norouzy A, Salehi M, Philippou E, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, Mohajeri SM, Mohajeri SA, Motaghedi Larijani A, Nematy M (2013). Effect of fasting in Ramadan on body composition and nutritional intake: a prospective study.J Hum Nutr Diet. 1:97-104.
22. Pichler M, Hutterer GC, Stoeckigt C, et al. (2013). Validation of the pre-treatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a large European cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer. 108:901-907.
23. Templeton AJ, Ace O, McNamara MG, et al. 2014. Prognostic role of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23:1204-1212.
24. Shi L, Qin X, Wang H, Xia Y, Li Y, Chen X, Shang L, Tai YT, Feng X, Acharya P, Acharya C, Xu Y, Deng S, Hao M, Zou D, Zhao Y, Ru K, Qiu L, An G (2016). Elevated neutrophil- to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to- lymphocyte ratio and decreased platelet- to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with poor prognosis in multiple myeloma.Oncotarget. 12. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13320.
25.
Badora-Rybicka A, Nowara E, Starzyczny- S?ota D(2016). Neutrophil-to- lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to- lymphocyte ratio before chemotherapy as potential prognostic factors in patients with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer.BMJ. ESMO Open.1(2):e000039.
26. Develioglu ON, Kucur M, Ipek HD, Celebi S, Can G, Kulekci M (2013). Effects of Ramadan fasting on serum immunoglobulin G and M, and salivary immunoglobulin A concentrations.J Int Med Res. 41(2):463-72.
27. Murray MJ, Murray NJ, Murray AB, et al. (1976). Refeeding-malaria and hyperferremia. Lancet 1975; I: 653-654.
28. Murray MJ, Murray MB, Murray AB, et al. (1976). Somali food shelter in the Ogaden famine and their impact on health. Lancet. I: 1283-1285.
29. Murray J, Murray A (1977). Suppression of infection by famine and its activation by refeeding-a paradox?. Perspect Biol Med. 7977; 20: 477-483.
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Published
2017-12-31
How to Cite
Hasan Huseyin Eker, Mehmet Derya Onuk, Caglayan Geredeli, & Maihebureti Abuduli. (2017). THE IMPACT OF RAMAZAN I’TIKAF ON IMMUNE SYSTEM. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 17(3), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.17/no.3/art.221
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