THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH EDUCATION MODEL AMONG INDONESIAN WOMEN MIGRANT WORKERS
Abstract
Reproductive health issues are one of the issues that migrant workers face. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent reproductive disorders to maintain migrant workers’ health. An effective prevention strategy is health education, which aims to increase migrant workers' knowledge and awareness about reproductive health. In Indonesia, there is still limited source of Reproductive Health Education Model for Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMWs). This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the model of reproductive health education which is created to improve health reproduction knowledge of Indonesian women migrant workers. This research is an quasi-experimental one group pre and post test design. The data were obtained from the intervention study that was carried out for migrant workers in Hong Kong in eight meetings. Sample for the intervention study was carried out by total sampling from a Indonesian women migrant worker community in Hongkong. Total of 36 people were involved in the study. Level of knowledge were assessed from the pre and post test conducted in training. Education-based interventions can improve migrant workers' reproductive health-related knowledge. Each given module significantly influences knowledge of respondents, with a p-value of each module is 0.000. The overall modules also show significant results with a p-value of 0.000 in increasing health reproduction knowledge of respondents. Indonesian women migrant workers should receive health reproduction education to increase their health reproduction knowledge.
References
Data and Information Center. Data on Indonesian Migrant Workers for the Period of December 2022. Jakarta; 2022.
Simkhada P, Teijlingen E Van, Gurung M, Wasti SP. A survey of health problems of Nepalese female migrants workers in the Middle-East and Malaysia. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018;18(4):1–7.
Akram M, Delhi N. Migrant Construction Workers?: A Study of Sexual Behavior and Sexual Health Problems. Dev Ctry Stud. 2012;2(9):118–24.
Dai W, Gao J, Gong J, Xia X, Yang H, Shen Y, et al. Sexual behavior of migrant workers in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2015;15(1067):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2385-y.
Ivanova O, Rai M, Kemigisha E. A Systematic Review of Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge , Experiences and Access to Services among Refugee , Migrant and Displaced Girls and Young Women in Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1583):1–12.
Ip W yim, Chan M yu, Chan DSK, Chan CWH. Knowledge of and attitude to contraception among migrant woman workers in mainland China. J Clnical Nurs. 2011;20:1685–95.
Tan SE, Kuschminder K. Migrant experiences of sexual and gender based violence?: a critical interpretative synthesis. Global Health [Internet]. 2022;18(68):1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-022-00860-2.
Ikhilor PO, Hasenberg G, Kurth E, Asefaw F, Pehlke-Milde J, Cignacco E. Communication barriers in maternity care of allophone migrants?: Experiences of women , healthcare professionals , and intercultural interpreters. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75(April):2200–10.
Agu J, Lobo R, Crawford G, Chigwada B. Migrant Sexual Health Help-Seeking and Experiences of Stigmatization and Discrimination in Perth , Western Australia?: Exploring Barriers and Enablers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(485):1–22.
Marques P, Gama A, Santos M, Heleno B, Vermandere H, Dias S. Understanding Cervical Cancer Screening Barriers among Migrant Women?: A Qualitative Study with Healthcare and Community Workers in Portugal. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7248):1–13.
Mengesha ZB, Perz J, Dune T, Ussher J. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Talking about sexual and reproductive health through interpreters?: The experiences of health care professionals consulting refugee and migrant women. Sex Reprod Healthc [Internet]. 2018;16(January):199–205. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2018.03.007.
Kaya Senol D, Polat F. Effects of the pandemic on women’s reproductive health protective attitudes: a Turkish sample. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2022;19(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01412-y.
Mukherjee TI, Khan AG, Dasgupta A, Samari G. Reproductive justice in the time of COVID-19: a systematic review of the indirect impacts of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2021;18(1):1–25. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01286-6.
Meherali S, Adewale B, Ali S, Kennedy M, Salami BO, Richter S, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents ’ Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13221):1–23.
Montalti M, Salussolia A, Masini A, Manieri E, Rallo F, Marini S, et al. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Education of Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic, Results from “Come Te La Passi?”—Survey in Bologna, Italy Marco. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;9(5147):1–9.
Zhao S ling, Gao E sheng, Zabin LS. Unmet Needs for Reproductive Health Knowledge among Unmarried Migrant Youth. J Reprod Contracept [Internet]. 2008;19(4):227–38. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-7844(08)60025-5.
Freeman T, Miles L, Ying K, Mat Yasin S, Lai WT. At the limits of “capability”: The sexual and reproductive health of women migrant workers in Malaysia. Sociol Heal Illn. 2021;(June 2020):1–24.
Narushima M, Mclaughlin J. Needs , Risks , and Context in Sexual Health Among Temporary Foreign Migrant Farmworkers in Canada?: A Pilot Study with Mexican and Caribbean Workers. J Immigr Minor Heal [Internet]. 2016;374–81. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0189-x.
Mendelsohn JB, Calzavara L, Light L, Burchell AN, Ren J, Kang L. Design and implementation of a sexual health intervention for migrant construction workers situated in Shanghai , China. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2015;1–13.
Tsai TI, Lee SYD, Yu WR. Impact of a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Health Literacy Program on Immigrant Women’s Health Literacy, Health Empowerment, Navigation Efficacy, and Health Care Utilization. J Health Commun [Internet]. 2018;23(4):340–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1445798.
Sun WH, Miu HYH, Wong CKH, Tucker JD, Wong WCW. Assessing Participation and Effectiveness of the Peer-Led Approach in Youth Sexual Health Education: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in More Developed Countries. J Sex Res [Internet]. 2018;55(1):31–44. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1247779.
Vu LTH, Nguyen NTK, Tran HTD, Muhajarine N. MHealth information for migrants: An e-health intervention for internal migrants in Vietnam. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2016;13(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0172-6.
Winarso H, I’tishom R, Silitonga HTH. A Preliminary Study of Reproductive Health Education Model for Indonesian Migrant Workers. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2021;15(3):3158–63.
Pires PH, Siemens R, Mupueleque M. Improving sexual and reproductive health knowledge and practice in Mozambican families with media campaign and volunteer family health champions. Fam Med Community Heal. 2019;7(4).
Austrian K, Kangwana B, Muthengi E, Soler-Hampejsek E. Effects of sanitary pad distribution and reproductive health education on upper primary school attendance and reproductive health knowledge and attitudes in Kenya: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):1–13.
Mba CI, Obi SN, Ozumba BC. The impact of health education on reproductive health knowledge among adolescents in a rural Nigerian community. J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore). 2007;27(5):513–7.
Tork HMM, Al Hosis KF. Effects of reproductive health education on knowledge and attitudes among female adolescents in Saudi Arabia. J Nurs Res. 2015;23(3):236–42.
Malwenna LI, Jayawardana PL, Balasuriya A. Effectiveness of a community based health educational intervention in reducing unmet need for modern methods of family planning among ever married reproductive age women in the Kalutara district, Sri Lanka. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Public Heal. 2012;4(6):1097–114.
Chi X, Hawk ST, Winter S, Meeus W. The effect of comprehensive sexual education program on sexual health knowledge and sexual attitude among college students in Southwest China. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2015;27(2):NP2049–66.
Ha T, Schensul SL, Schensul JJ, Nguyen T, Nguyen N. Sexual Risk Behaviors , HIV Prevalence and Access to Reproductive Health Services Among Young Women Migrant Workers in the Industrial Zones in Vietnam. Front Reprod Heal. 2021;3(December):1–9.
Qian X, Smith H, Huang W, Zhang J, Huang Y, Garner P. Promoting contraceptive use among unmarried female migrants in one factory in Shanghai?: a pilot workplace intervention. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7(77):1–10.
Masters K. Edgar Dale ’ s Pyramid of Learning in medical education?: A literature review Edgar Dale ’ s Pyramid of Learning in medical education?: A literature review. Med Teach. 2013;35(11):e1584–93.
Hawkey AJ, Ussher JM, Perz J, Hawkey AJ, Ussher JM, What JP. What do women want?? Migrant and refugee women ’ s preferences for the delivery of sexual and reproductive healthcare and information healthcare and information. Ethn Health [Internet]. 2022;27(8):1787–805. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2021.1980772.
Zhu C, Geng Q, Chen L. Impact of an Educational Programme on Reproductive Health Among Young Migrant Female Workers in Shenzhen , China?: an Intervention Study. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21:710–8.
Botfield JR, Newman CE, Kang M, Zwi AB. Talking to migrant and refugee young people about sexual health in general practice. AJGP. 2018;47(8):564–9.
Kannappan S, Shanmugam K. Peer Educators as Change Leaders – Effectiveness of Peer Education Process in Creating Awareness on Reproductive Health among Women Workers in Textile Industry. Indian J Commun. 2019;44:252–5.
