ROLE OF PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND HIGH BODY MASS INDEX IN THE CAUSATION AND PRIMARY PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Keywords:
Non-communicable diseases, physical inactivity, high BMI, unhealthy lifestyle practices, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases are responsible for 71% of all deaths that occur across the globe each year. Physical inactivity and high body mass index are the major modifiable risk factors that play a key role in the causation and prevention of non-communicable diseases. This review aimed to comprehend the current literature on physical inactivity, high body mass index and their association with non-communicable diseases. A literature search was conducted for research articles and meta-analyses available on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for the last ten years. Findings from the selected studies were used to determine the role played by physical inactivity and high body mass index in the causation of non-communicable diseases. According to the research, obesity has been labelled a pandemic and the majority of the world’s population live a sedentary lifestyle with physical paucity. Lack of physical activity is responsible for approximately 1.6 million deaths annually, whereas the prevalence of multimorbidity is 1.5 times higher in obese than those with normal weight. Obesity and physical inactivity are strong determinants of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and may induce carcinogenesis besides other physical and mental health issues. Lack of awareness about these risk factors, time and financial constraints, poverty, illiteracy, and unhealthy dietary practices are some of the factors that further increase the incidence of disease burden. Effective interventions related to diet and exercise are necessary if rates of non-communicable diseases are to be reduced through changing lifestyle practices.
References
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20. Kulkarni K, Karssiens T, Kumar V, Pandit H. Obesity and osteoarthritis. Vol. 89, Maturitas. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2016. p. 22–8.
21. Jalali-Farahani S, Amiri P, Karimi M, Gharibzadeh S, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Socio-Behavioral Factors Associated with Overweight and Central Obesity in Tehranian Adults: a Structural Equation Model. Int J Behav Med. 2017 Feb 1;24(1):110–9.
22. Riebe D, Blissmer BJ, Greaney ML, Ewing Garber C, Lees FD, Clark PG. The relationship between obesity, physical activity, and physical function in older adults. J Aging Health. 2009 Dec;21(8):1159–78.
23. Bentham J, Di Cesare M, Bilano V, Bixby H, Zhou B, Stevens GA, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017 Dec 16;390(10113):2627–42.
24. Maria Aiello A, Marques de Mello L, Souza Nunes M, Soares da Silva A, Nunes A. Prevalence of Obesity in Children and Adolescents in Brazil: A Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Studies. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2015 May 11;11(1):36–42.
25. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2017 Jun 12;377(1):13–27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
26. Templin T, Hashiguchi Cravo Oliveira T, Homson B, Dieleman J, Bendavid E. The overweight and obesity transition from the wealthy to the poor in low- and middle-income countries: A survey of household data from 103 countries. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Aug 3];16(11). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774821/
27. Agrawal S, Agrawal PK. Association Between Body Mass index and Prevalence of Multimorbidity in Low-and Middle-income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Med Public Heal. 2016 Jul 1;6(2):73–83.
28. Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju SN, Wormser D, Gao P, Kaptoge S, de Gonzalez AB, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016 Aug 20;388(10046):776–86.
29. Araújo FG, Velasquez-Melendez G, Felisbino-Mendes MS. Prevalence trends of overweight, obesity, diabetes and hypertension among Brazilian women of reproductive age based on sociodemographic characteristics. Health Care Women Int. 2019 Apr 3;40(4):386–406.
30. Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Apr 28];960:1–17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28585193/
31. Wahab A, Dey AK, Bandyopadhyay D, Katikineni V, Chopra R, Vedantam KS, et al. Obesity, Systemic Hypertension, and Pulmonary Hypertension: A Tale of Three Diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021 Mar 1;46(3):100599.
32. Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism. 2019;92:98–107.
33. Patel SA, Ali MK, Alam D, Yan LL, Levitt NS, Bernabe-Ortiz A, et al. Obesity and its Relation with Diabetes and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Across 4 Geographical Regions. Glob Heart. 2016 Mar 1;11(1):71-79.e4.
34. Corbin KD, Driscoll KA, Pratley RE, Smith SR, Maahs DM, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Obesity in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Clinical Impact, and Mechanisms. Endocr Rev [Internet]. 2018 Oct 1 [cited 2021 Nov 3];39(5):629–63. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/39/5/629/5060447
35. Al-Goblan AS, Al-Alfi MA, Khan MZ. Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2014 Dec 4;7:587–91.
36. Pearson-Stuttard J, Zhou B, Kontis V, Bentham J, Gunter MJ, Ezzati M. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to diabetes and high body-mass index: a comparative risk assessment. Vol. 6, The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. Lancet Publishing Group; 2018. p. e6–15.
37. De Pergola G, Silvestris F. Obesity as a Major Risk Factor for Cancer. Papadia FS, editor. J Obes [Internet]. 2013;2013:291546. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/291546
38. Christodoulatos GS, Spyrou N, Kadillari J, Psallida S, Dalamaga M. The Role of Adipokines in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Curr Obes Reports 2019 84 [Internet]. 2019 Oct 21 [cited 2021 Nov 3];8(4):413–33. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13679-019-00364-y
39. Nimptsch, K., Pischon T. Obesity Biomarkers, Metabolism and Risk of Cancer: An Epidemiological Perspective. Recent Results Cancer Res [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Aug 4];208:199–217. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27909909/
40. Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Boeing H. Obesity and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008 May;67(2):128–45.
41. O’Brien PD, Hinder LM, Callaghan BC, Feldman EL. Neurological consequences of obesity. Vol. 16, The Lancet Neurology. Lancet Publishing Group; 2017. p. 465–77.
42. Cheke LG, Simons JS, Clayton NS. Higher body mass index is associated with episodic memory deficits in young adults. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) [Internet]. 2016 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Aug 6];69(11):2305. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5000869/
43. Thaler JP, Yi CX, Schur EA, Guyenet SJ, Hwang BH, Dietrich Thaler JP, Yi CX, Schur EA, Guyenet SJ, Hwang BH, Dietrich MO, Zhao X, Sarruf DA, Izgur V, Maravilla KR, Nguyen HT, Fischer JD, Matsen ME, Wisse BE, Morton GJ, Horvath TL, Baskin DG, Tschöp MH SM. Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2012 Jan 3 [cited 2021 Aug 6];122(1):153–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22201683/
44. Callaghan BC, Gao L, Li Y, Zhou X, Reynolds E, Banerjee M, et al. Diabetes and obesity are the main metabolic drivers of peripheral neuropathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol [Internet]. 2018 Apr 1 [cited 2021 Aug 6];5(4):397. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5899909/
45. Probst-Hensch, N., Tanner, M., Kessler, C., Burri, C., & Künzli N. Prevention--a cost-effective way to fight the non-communicable disease epidemic: an academic perspective of the United Nations High-level NCD Meeting. Swiss Med Wkly [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2021 Nov 3];141(SEPTEMBER). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21901650/
46. Budreviciute A, Damiati S, Sabir DK, Onder K, Schuller-Goetzburg P, Plakys G, et al. Management and Prevention Strategies for Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors. Front Public Heal [Internet]. 2020 Nov 26 [cited 2021 Nov 3];8:574111. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7726193/
2. Rezende LFM de, Garcia LMT, Mielke GI, Lee DH, Giovannucci E, Eluf-Neto J. Physical activity and preventable premature deaths from non-communicable diseases in Brazil. J Public Health (Bangkok) [Internet]. 2019 Sep 30 [cited 2021 Jul 11];41(3):e253–60. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/41/3/e253/5139677
3. Elezkurtaj S, Greuel S, Ihlow J, Michaelis EG, Bischoff P, Kunze CA, et al. Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Sci Reports 2021 111 [Internet]. 2021 Feb 19 [cited 2021 Aug 7];11(1):1–9. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82862-5
4. Wagner KH, Brath H. A global view on the development of non communicable diseases. Prev Med (Baltim). 2012 May 1;54(SUPPL.).
5. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–29.
6. Ding D, Lawson KD, Kolbe-Alexander TL, Finkelstein EA, Katzmarzyk PT, van Mechelen W, et al. The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2016 Sep 24;388(10051):1311–24.
7. Menhas R, Dai J, Ashraf MA, Noman SM, Khurshid S, Mahmood S, et al. Physical Inactivity, Non-Communicable Diseases and National Fitness Plan of China for Physical Activity. Risk Manag Healthc Policy [Internet]. 2021 Jun 3 [cited 2021 Oct 10];14:2319–31. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/physical-inactivity-non-communicable-diseases-and-national-fitness-pla-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHP
8. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med [Internet]. 2020 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Oct 10];54(24):1451–62. Available from: https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/54/24/1451
9. WHO. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 May 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
10. Kandola A, Ashdown-Franks G, Hendrikse J, Sabiston CM, Stubbs B. Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Dec 1;107:525–39.
11. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, et al. Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2016 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Oct 10];39(11):2065. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6908414/
12. Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ. 2016;354.
13. Sheikholeslami S, Ghanbarian A, Azizi F. The Impact of Physical Activity on Non-communicable Diseases: Findings from 20 Years of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Int J Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Jul 11];16(4 Suppl):84740. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6289311/
14. Mielke GI, da Silva ICM, Kolbe-Alexander TL, Brown WJ. Shifting the Physical Inactivity Curve Worldwide by Closing the Gender Gap. Sport Med. 2018 Feb 1;48(2):481–9.
15. Onagbiye SO, Tshwaro RMT, Barry A, Marie Y. Physical Activity and Non-communicable Disease Risk Factors: Knowledge and Perceptions of Youth in a Low Resourced Community in the Western Cape. Open Public Health J. 2020 Jan 15;12(1):558–66.
16. Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U, et al. Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):247–57.
17. Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Elbcheraoui C, Charara R, Khalil I, Afshin A, et al. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. Int J Public Health. 2018 May 1;63:137–49.
18. Felisbino-Mendes MS, Cousin E, Malta DC, Machado ÍE, Ribeiro ALP, Duncan BB, et al. The burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to high BMI in Brazil, 1990-2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Popul Health Metr [Internet]. 2020 Sep 30 [cited 2021 Jul 6];18(1):1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-020-00219-y
19. Kloppenburg M, Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: epidemiology and therapy. Osteoarthr Cartil [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1 [cited 2021 Aug 4];28(3):242–8. Available from: http://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063458420300078/fulltext
20. Kulkarni K, Karssiens T, Kumar V, Pandit H. Obesity and osteoarthritis. Vol. 89, Maturitas. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2016. p. 22–8.
21. Jalali-Farahani S, Amiri P, Karimi M, Gharibzadeh S, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Socio-Behavioral Factors Associated with Overweight and Central Obesity in Tehranian Adults: a Structural Equation Model. Int J Behav Med. 2017 Feb 1;24(1):110–9.
22. Riebe D, Blissmer BJ, Greaney ML, Ewing Garber C, Lees FD, Clark PG. The relationship between obesity, physical activity, and physical function in older adults. J Aging Health. 2009 Dec;21(8):1159–78.
23. Bentham J, Di Cesare M, Bilano V, Bixby H, Zhou B, Stevens GA, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017 Dec 16;390(10113):2627–42.
24. Maria Aiello A, Marques de Mello L, Souza Nunes M, Soares da Silva A, Nunes A. Prevalence of Obesity in Children and Adolescents in Brazil: A Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Studies. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2015 May 11;11(1):36–42.
25. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2017 Jun 12;377(1):13–27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
26. Templin T, Hashiguchi Cravo Oliveira T, Homson B, Dieleman J, Bendavid E. The overweight and obesity transition from the wealthy to the poor in low- and middle-income countries: A survey of household data from 103 countries. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Aug 3];16(11). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774821/
27. Agrawal S, Agrawal PK. Association Between Body Mass index and Prevalence of Multimorbidity in Low-and Middle-income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Med Public Heal. 2016 Jul 1;6(2):73–83.
28. Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju SN, Wormser D, Gao P, Kaptoge S, de Gonzalez AB, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016 Aug 20;388(10046):776–86.
29. Araújo FG, Velasquez-Melendez G, Felisbino-Mendes MS. Prevalence trends of overweight, obesity, diabetes and hypertension among Brazilian women of reproductive age based on sociodemographic characteristics. Health Care Women Int. 2019 Apr 3;40(4):386–406.
30. Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Apr 28];960:1–17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28585193/
31. Wahab A, Dey AK, Bandyopadhyay D, Katikineni V, Chopra R, Vedantam KS, et al. Obesity, Systemic Hypertension, and Pulmonary Hypertension: A Tale of Three Diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021 Mar 1;46(3):100599.
32. Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism. 2019;92:98–107.
33. Patel SA, Ali MK, Alam D, Yan LL, Levitt NS, Bernabe-Ortiz A, et al. Obesity and its Relation with Diabetes and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Across 4 Geographical Regions. Glob Heart. 2016 Mar 1;11(1):71-79.e4.
34. Corbin KD, Driscoll KA, Pratley RE, Smith SR, Maahs DM, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Obesity in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Clinical Impact, and Mechanisms. Endocr Rev [Internet]. 2018 Oct 1 [cited 2021 Nov 3];39(5):629–63. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/39/5/629/5060447
35. Al-Goblan AS, Al-Alfi MA, Khan MZ. Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2014 Dec 4;7:587–91.
36. Pearson-Stuttard J, Zhou B, Kontis V, Bentham J, Gunter MJ, Ezzati M. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to diabetes and high body-mass index: a comparative risk assessment. Vol. 6, The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. Lancet Publishing Group; 2018. p. e6–15.
37. De Pergola G, Silvestris F. Obesity as a Major Risk Factor for Cancer. Papadia FS, editor. J Obes [Internet]. 2013;2013:291546. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/291546
38. Christodoulatos GS, Spyrou N, Kadillari J, Psallida S, Dalamaga M. The Role of Adipokines in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Curr Obes Reports 2019 84 [Internet]. 2019 Oct 21 [cited 2021 Nov 3];8(4):413–33. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13679-019-00364-y
39. Nimptsch, K., Pischon T. Obesity Biomarkers, Metabolism and Risk of Cancer: An Epidemiological Perspective. Recent Results Cancer Res [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Aug 4];208:199–217. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27909909/
40. Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Boeing H. Obesity and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008 May;67(2):128–45.
41. O’Brien PD, Hinder LM, Callaghan BC, Feldman EL. Neurological consequences of obesity. Vol. 16, The Lancet Neurology. Lancet Publishing Group; 2017. p. 465–77.
42. Cheke LG, Simons JS, Clayton NS. Higher body mass index is associated with episodic memory deficits in young adults. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) [Internet]. 2016 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Aug 6];69(11):2305. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5000869/
43. Thaler JP, Yi CX, Schur EA, Guyenet SJ, Hwang BH, Dietrich Thaler JP, Yi CX, Schur EA, Guyenet SJ, Hwang BH, Dietrich MO, Zhao X, Sarruf DA, Izgur V, Maravilla KR, Nguyen HT, Fischer JD, Matsen ME, Wisse BE, Morton GJ, Horvath TL, Baskin DG, Tschöp MH SM. Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2012 Jan 3 [cited 2021 Aug 6];122(1):153–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22201683/
44. Callaghan BC, Gao L, Li Y, Zhou X, Reynolds E, Banerjee M, et al. Diabetes and obesity are the main metabolic drivers of peripheral neuropathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol [Internet]. 2018 Apr 1 [cited 2021 Aug 6];5(4):397. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5899909/
45. Probst-Hensch, N., Tanner, M., Kessler, C., Burri, C., & Künzli N. Prevention--a cost-effective way to fight the non-communicable disease epidemic: an academic perspective of the United Nations High-level NCD Meeting. Swiss Med Wkly [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2021 Nov 3];141(SEPTEMBER). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21901650/
46. Budreviciute A, Damiati S, Sabir DK, Onder K, Schuller-Goetzburg P, Plakys G, et al. Management and Prevention Strategies for Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors. Front Public Heal [Internet]. 2020 Nov 26 [cited 2021 Nov 3];8:574111. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7726193/
Published
2022-04-28
How to Cite
Uzma Aamir Jilani, Zulhabri Bin Othman, & Syed Aamir Jilani. (2022). ROLE OF PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND HIGH BODY MASS INDEX IN THE CAUSATION AND PRIMARY PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 22(1), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.22/no.1/art.1516
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Articles
