JOB SATISFACTION AMONG FOREIGN NURSES IN SAUDI ARABIA: THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION FACTORS
Keywords:
Job Satisfaction, Motivation, Nurses, Saudi Arabia, Foreign Nurses, Public Hospitals
Abstract
Foreign nurses face many challenges at the workplace which may affect their level of job satisfaction. High job satisfaction can ensure the delivery of safe and high-quality health services, while low job satisfaction may result in poor work quality and increases the likelihood of the nurses leaving the service. Therefore, ensuring high level of job satisfaction of the foreign nurses is important, especially in countries which heavily rely on their services, such as Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine job satisfaction level among foreign nurses in public hospitals in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, and the contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors to their job satisfaction level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 196 foreign nurses in two large public hospitals in Hail City, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were conducted. Most foreign nurses had moderate job satisfaction level. There is significant and positive relationship between three components of intrinsic motivation namely autonomy, mastery, and purpose, and three components of extrinsic motivation which were pay, promotion, and operating conditions, with job satisfaction level. Job satisfaction among foreign nurses in the public hospitals is still not optimal. It is imperative for nursing managers, hospitals directors, and policy makers to focus on the significant intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors in formulating tailored actions to improve foreign nurses’ job satisfaction.
References
REFERENCES
1. Efendi, F., Kurniati, A., Bushy, A., & Gunawan, J. (2019). Concept analysis of nurse retention. Nursing & Health Sciences.doi:10.1111/nhs.12629
2. Russo, A. A., Bittner, S. R., Perkins, S. M., Seely, J. S., London, B. M., Lara, A. H., Churchland, M. M. (2018). Motor Cortex Embeds Muscle-like Commands in an Untangled Population Response. Neuron, 97(4), 953–966.e8.doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.00
3. Ministry of Health (MoH). (2018). Statistics book of the Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/Statistics/book/Pages/default.aspx
4. Mafini, C., & Dlodlo, N. (2014). The relationship between extrinsic motivation, job satisfaction and life satisfaction amongst employees in a public organisation. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1).
5. Pink, H. (2009) The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead Books, New York
6. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snydermann B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: Wiley.
7. Alboliteeh, M, Magarey, J. & Wiechula, R. (2017). The profile of Saudi nursing workforce: A cross-sectional study. Nursing. Res. Practice.
8. Albejaidi, F. & Nair, K.S. (2019). Building the health workforce: Saudi Arabia’s challenges in achieving Vision 2030. Int. J. Health Plan. Management, 18(2), 94.
9. Elmorshedy, H.; AlAmrani, A.; Hassan, M.H.A.; Fayed, A.; Albrecht, S.A. (2020). Contemporary public image of the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia. BMC Nurs.
10. Azim, M. T., & Islam, M. M. (2018). Social Support, Religious Endorsement, and Career Commitment: A Study on Saudi Nurses. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8010008
11. AlYami MS, Watson R. An overview of nursing in Saudi Arabia. J Health Spec [serial online] 2014 [cited 2020 Jan 4];2:10-2. Available from: http://www.thejhs.org/text.asp?2014/2/1/10/126058
12. Falatah, R., & Salem, O. A. (2018). Nurse turnover in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management. doi:10.1111/jonm.12603
13. Kaddourah B, Abu-Shaheen AK, Al-Tannir M. (2018). Quality of nursing work life and turnover intention among nurses of tertiary care hospitals in Riyadh: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Nurs; 17:43.)
14. Albougami, A. S., Almazan, J. U., Cruz, J. P., Alquwez, N., Alamri, M. S., Adolfo, C. A., & Roque, M. Y. (2020). Factors affecting nurses’ intention to leave their current jobs in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Health Sciences, 14(3), 33.
15. Alasmari, H. A. M. & Douglas, C. (2012). Job satisfaction and intention to leave among critical care nurses in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal of Nursing, 6(4), 3-12.
16. Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. & Maude, P. (2016). Job satisfaction of Saudi Nurses working in Makkah Region Public Hospitals, Saudi Arabia. Life Science Journal, 13(12), 22-33.
17. Hee, O. C. & Kamaludin, N. H. B. (2016). Motivation and job performance among nurses in the private hospitals in Malaysia. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 16
18. McGLYNN, K., GRIFFIN, M. Q., DONAHUE, M., & FITZPATRICK, J. J. (2012). Registered nurse job satisfaction and satisfaction with the professional practice model. Journal of Nursing Management, 20(2), 260–265.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01351.x
19. Spector Paul, E. (1994). Job Satisfaction Survey. Tampa, FL: Department of Psychology, University of South Florida.
20. Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1981). A causal model of turnover for nurses. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 543–565. https://doi.org/10.2307/255574
21. Narli, S. (2010). An alternative evaluation method for Likert type attitude scales: Rough set data analysis.
22. Aljohani KA, Alomari O. (2018). Turnover among Filipino nurses in Ministry of Health hospitals in Saudi Arabia: causes and recommendations for improvement. Ann Saudi Med 38:140-2.).
23. Khai-Lee, Chang Woan-Ching, & Yee Bit-Lian. (2020). PERCEPTION OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG OPERATION ROOM NURSES IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL, SAUDI ARABIA. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 12(1), 3-9.
24. Kelesi M., Fasoi G., Papageorgiou E.D., Tsaras K., Kaba E., Stavropoulou A., Polykandriotis T. & Vlachou E. (2016). An Investigation of Factors Determining the Level of Job Satisfaction Among Nurses in Six General Public Hospitals in Greece. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Inventions 3: 1705-1716 (14).
25. Billah, S. M. B., Saquib, N., Zaghloul, M. S., Rajab, A. M., Aljundi, S. M. T., Almazrou, A., & Saquib, J. (2020). Unique expatriate factors associated with job dissatisfaction among nurses. International Nursing Review.).
26. Mousazadeh, S., Yektatalab, S., Momennasab, M., & Parvizy, S. (2018). Job satisfaction and related factors among Iranian intensive care unit nurses. BMC research notes, 11(1), 1-5.
27. Asghari E, Khaleghdoust T, Asgari F, Kazemnejad E. (2010). Effective factors on nurses’ job satisfaction. Jf Holistic Nurs Midwif.;20:1–7.
28. Rahimaghaee F, Nayeri ND, Mohammadi E. (2010). Managers' roles in the professional growth of Iranian clinical nurses. Nurs Health Sci. 2010;12(4):470–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00561.x.
29. Allen, S. R., Fiorini, P., & Dickey, M. (2010). A streamlined clinical advancement program improves RN participation and retention. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 40(7/8), 316-322.
30. Chong, E. (2013). Managerial competencies and career advancement: A comparative study of managers in two countries. Journal of Business Research, 66(3), 345-353.
31. Al-Dossary, R., Vail, J., & Macfarlane, F. (2012). Job satisfaction of nurses in a Saudi Arabian university teaching hospital: A cross-sectional study. International Nursing Review, 59(3), 424–430.
32. Zahaj, M., Saliaj, A., Metani, L., Nika, S. & Alushi, E. (2016). Factors related to job satisfaction among nurses. European Scientific Journal, 12(5), 100-110.
33. Zander, B., Blümel, M., & Busse, R. (2013). Nurse migration in Europe—Can expectations really be met? Combining qualitative and quantitative data from Germany and eight of its destination and source countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(2), 210–218.doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.11.017
34. Yew, S.-Y., Yong, C.-C., Tey, N.-P., Cheong, K.-C., & Ng, S.-T. (2018). Work satisfaction among nurses in a private hospital. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 1–8.doi:10.1080/20479700.2018.1489459
35. Liu, J. A., Wang, Q., & Lu, Z. X. (2010). Job satisfaction and its modeling among township health center employees: a quantitative study in poor rural China. BMC Health Services Research, 10(1).doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-115
36. Songstad, N.G., Rekdal, O.B., Massay, D.A. (2011). Perceived unfairness in working conditions: The case of public health services in Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res 11, 34.. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-34
37. Ogbolu, M. N., Singh, R. P., & Wilbon, A. (2015). LEGITIMACY, ATTITUDES AND INTENDED PATRONAGE: UNDERSTANDING CHALLENGES FACING BLACK ENTREPRENEURS. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(01), 1550007.
38. Olajide, A.O. (2020). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Nurses Working in two Selected Government Owned Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. journal of medical science and clinical research, 08.
39. Waqas, A., Zubair, M., Ghulam, H., Wajih Ullah, M., & Zubair Tariq, M. (2014). Public stigma associated with mental illnesses in Pakistani university students: a cross sectional survey. PeerJ, 2, e698.
40. Rafferty, A. M., Ball, J., & Aiken, L. H. (2001). Are teamwork and professional autonomy compatible, and do they result in improved hospital care?. Quality in health care : QHC, 10 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), ii32–ii37. https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.0100032.
41. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Lake, E. T., & Cheney, T. (2008). Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 38(5), 223–229.
42. Taylor, M. A. (2008). The relationship between autonomy and job satisfaction among registered nurses. University of New Hampshire.
43. Shu C.Y. (2015). ‘The impact of intrinsic motivation on the effectiveness of leadership style towards on work engagement’, Contemporary Management Research 11(4), 328 10.7903/cmr.14043
1. Efendi, F., Kurniati, A., Bushy, A., & Gunawan, J. (2019). Concept analysis of nurse retention. Nursing & Health Sciences.doi:10.1111/nhs.12629
2. Russo, A. A., Bittner, S. R., Perkins, S. M., Seely, J. S., London, B. M., Lara, A. H., Churchland, M. M. (2018). Motor Cortex Embeds Muscle-like Commands in an Untangled Population Response. Neuron, 97(4), 953–966.e8.doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.00
3. Ministry of Health (MoH). (2018). Statistics book of the Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/Statistics/book/Pages/default.aspx
4. Mafini, C., & Dlodlo, N. (2014). The relationship between extrinsic motivation, job satisfaction and life satisfaction amongst employees in a public organisation. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1).
5. Pink, H. (2009) The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead Books, New York
6. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snydermann B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: Wiley.
7. Alboliteeh, M, Magarey, J. & Wiechula, R. (2017). The profile of Saudi nursing workforce: A cross-sectional study. Nursing. Res. Practice.
8. Albejaidi, F. & Nair, K.S. (2019). Building the health workforce: Saudi Arabia’s challenges in achieving Vision 2030. Int. J. Health Plan. Management, 18(2), 94.
9. Elmorshedy, H.; AlAmrani, A.; Hassan, M.H.A.; Fayed, A.; Albrecht, S.A. (2020). Contemporary public image of the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia. BMC Nurs.
10. Azim, M. T., & Islam, M. M. (2018). Social Support, Religious Endorsement, and Career Commitment: A Study on Saudi Nurses. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8010008
11. AlYami MS, Watson R. An overview of nursing in Saudi Arabia. J Health Spec [serial online] 2014 [cited 2020 Jan 4];2:10-2. Available from: http://www.thejhs.org/text.asp?2014/2/1/10/126058
12. Falatah, R., & Salem, O. A. (2018). Nurse turnover in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management. doi:10.1111/jonm.12603
13. Kaddourah B, Abu-Shaheen AK, Al-Tannir M. (2018). Quality of nursing work life and turnover intention among nurses of tertiary care hospitals in Riyadh: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Nurs; 17:43.)
14. Albougami, A. S., Almazan, J. U., Cruz, J. P., Alquwez, N., Alamri, M. S., Adolfo, C. A., & Roque, M. Y. (2020). Factors affecting nurses’ intention to leave their current jobs in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Health Sciences, 14(3), 33.
15. Alasmari, H. A. M. & Douglas, C. (2012). Job satisfaction and intention to leave among critical care nurses in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal of Nursing, 6(4), 3-12.
16. Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. & Maude, P. (2016). Job satisfaction of Saudi Nurses working in Makkah Region Public Hospitals, Saudi Arabia. Life Science Journal, 13(12), 22-33.
17. Hee, O. C. & Kamaludin, N. H. B. (2016). Motivation and job performance among nurses in the private hospitals in Malaysia. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 16
18. McGLYNN, K., GRIFFIN, M. Q., DONAHUE, M., & FITZPATRICK, J. J. (2012). Registered nurse job satisfaction and satisfaction with the professional practice model. Journal of Nursing Management, 20(2), 260–265.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01351.x
19. Spector Paul, E. (1994). Job Satisfaction Survey. Tampa, FL: Department of Psychology, University of South Florida.
20. Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1981). A causal model of turnover for nurses. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 543–565. https://doi.org/10.2307/255574
21. Narli, S. (2010). An alternative evaluation method for Likert type attitude scales: Rough set data analysis.
22. Aljohani KA, Alomari O. (2018). Turnover among Filipino nurses in Ministry of Health hospitals in Saudi Arabia: causes and recommendations for improvement. Ann Saudi Med 38:140-2.).
23. Khai-Lee, Chang Woan-Ching, & Yee Bit-Lian. (2020). PERCEPTION OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG OPERATION ROOM NURSES IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL, SAUDI ARABIA. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 12(1), 3-9.
24. Kelesi M., Fasoi G., Papageorgiou E.D., Tsaras K., Kaba E., Stavropoulou A., Polykandriotis T. & Vlachou E. (2016). An Investigation of Factors Determining the Level of Job Satisfaction Among Nurses in Six General Public Hospitals in Greece. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Inventions 3: 1705-1716 (14).
25. Billah, S. M. B., Saquib, N., Zaghloul, M. S., Rajab, A. M., Aljundi, S. M. T., Almazrou, A., & Saquib, J. (2020). Unique expatriate factors associated with job dissatisfaction among nurses. International Nursing Review.).
26. Mousazadeh, S., Yektatalab, S., Momennasab, M., & Parvizy, S. (2018). Job satisfaction and related factors among Iranian intensive care unit nurses. BMC research notes, 11(1), 1-5.
27. Asghari E, Khaleghdoust T, Asgari F, Kazemnejad E. (2010). Effective factors on nurses’ job satisfaction. Jf Holistic Nurs Midwif.;20:1–7.
28. Rahimaghaee F, Nayeri ND, Mohammadi E. (2010). Managers' roles in the professional growth of Iranian clinical nurses. Nurs Health Sci. 2010;12(4):470–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00561.x.
29. Allen, S. R., Fiorini, P., & Dickey, M. (2010). A streamlined clinical advancement program improves RN participation and retention. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 40(7/8), 316-322.
30. Chong, E. (2013). Managerial competencies and career advancement: A comparative study of managers in two countries. Journal of Business Research, 66(3), 345-353.
31. Al-Dossary, R., Vail, J., & Macfarlane, F. (2012). Job satisfaction of nurses in a Saudi Arabian university teaching hospital: A cross-sectional study. International Nursing Review, 59(3), 424–430.
32. Zahaj, M., Saliaj, A., Metani, L., Nika, S. & Alushi, E. (2016). Factors related to job satisfaction among nurses. European Scientific Journal, 12(5), 100-110.
33. Zander, B., Blümel, M., & Busse, R. (2013). Nurse migration in Europe—Can expectations really be met? Combining qualitative and quantitative data from Germany and eight of its destination and source countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(2), 210–218.doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.11.017
34. Yew, S.-Y., Yong, C.-C., Tey, N.-P., Cheong, K.-C., & Ng, S.-T. (2018). Work satisfaction among nurses in a private hospital. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 1–8.doi:10.1080/20479700.2018.1489459
35. Liu, J. A., Wang, Q., & Lu, Z. X. (2010). Job satisfaction and its modeling among township health center employees: a quantitative study in poor rural China. BMC Health Services Research, 10(1).doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-115
36. Songstad, N.G., Rekdal, O.B., Massay, D.A. (2011). Perceived unfairness in working conditions: The case of public health services in Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res 11, 34.. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-34
37. Ogbolu, M. N., Singh, R. P., & Wilbon, A. (2015). LEGITIMACY, ATTITUDES AND INTENDED PATRONAGE: UNDERSTANDING CHALLENGES FACING BLACK ENTREPRENEURS. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(01), 1550007.
38. Olajide, A.O. (2020). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Nurses Working in two Selected Government Owned Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. journal of medical science and clinical research, 08.
39. Waqas, A., Zubair, M., Ghulam, H., Wajih Ullah, M., & Zubair Tariq, M. (2014). Public stigma associated with mental illnesses in Pakistani university students: a cross sectional survey. PeerJ, 2, e698.
40. Rafferty, A. M., Ball, J., & Aiken, L. H. (2001). Are teamwork and professional autonomy compatible, and do they result in improved hospital care?. Quality in health care : QHC, 10 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), ii32–ii37. https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.0100032.
41. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Lake, E. T., & Cheney, T. (2008). Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 38(5), 223–229.
42. Taylor, M. A. (2008). The relationship between autonomy and job satisfaction among registered nurses. University of New Hampshire.
43. Shu C.Y. (2015). ‘The impact of intrinsic motivation on the effectiveness of leadership style towards on work engagement’, Contemporary Management Research 11(4), 328 10.7903/cmr.14043
Published
2022-04-28
How to Cite
Al-Sabhan, T. F., Ahmad, N., Rasdi, I., & Mahmud, A. (2022). JOB SATISFACTION AMONG FOREIGN NURSES IN SAUDI ARABIA: THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION FACTORS . Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 22(1), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.22/no.1/art.1405
Section
Articles
